AS 2159-2009

1-AS 2159-2009 PILING-DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
4-PREFACE
5-CONTENTS
7-FOREWORD
8-SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
8-1.1 SCOPE
8-1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
9-1.3 DEFINITIONS
9-1.3.1 Bored cast in place pile
9-1.3.2 Cased pile
9-1.3.3 Cone penetration test (CPT)
9-1.3.4 Continuous flight auger pile (CFA)
9-1.3.5 Design action
10-1.3.6 Design action effect (Ed)
10-1.3.7 Design geotechnical strength (Rd,g)
10-1.3.8 Design life
10-1.3.9 Design serviceability load (Eds)
10-1.3.10 Design structural strength (Rd,s)
10-1.3.11 Design ultimate geotechnical strength (Rd,ug)
10-1.3.12 Design ultimate structural strength (Rd,us)
10-1.3.13 Driven cast in place pile
10-1.3.14 Driven preformed pile
10-1.3.15 Durability
10-1.3.16 End-bearing pile
10-1.3.17 Footing
10-1.3.18 Foundation
10-1.3.19 Friction pile
11-1.3.20 Ground anchor
11-1.3.21 Large displacement piles
11-1.3.22 Limit state
11-1.3.23 Pile
11-1.3.24 Pile group
11-1.3.25 Pile head
11-1.3.26 Pile heave
11-1.3.27 Raking pile
11-1.3.28 Serviceability limit state (SLS), serviceability
11-1.3.29 Set
11-1.3.30 Small displacement piles
11-1.3.31 Standard penetration test (SPT)
11-1.3.32 Steel screw piles
12-1.3.33 Temporary compression
12-1.3.34 Test pile
12-1.3.35 Test ultimate geotechnical strength (Rt,ug)
12-1.3.36 Toe
12-1.3.37 Ultimate geotechnical strength (Rug)
12-1.4 NOTATION
15-1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
15-1.5.1 General
15-1.5.2 Displacement piles
16-1.5.3 Non-displacement piles
16-1.5.4 Partial displacement, post-grouted and preloaded non-displacement piles
17-SECTION 2 SITE INVESTIGATION
17-2.1 GENERAL
17-2.2 INFORMATION REQUIRED
18-SECTION 3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES
18-3.1 OBJECTIVE OF PILE DESIGN
18-3.2 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
18-3.2.1 General
18-3.2.2 Design for ultimate strength
19-3.2.3 Design for serviceability
19-3.2.4 Design for durability
19-3.2.5 Design for other relevant requirements
19-3.3 ACTIONS AND COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY DESIGN
19-3.3.1 Actions and loads
20-3.3.2 Load combinations for strength design
21-3.3.3 Load combinations for serviceability design
22-SECTION 4 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
22-4.1 GENERAL
22-4.2 ASSESSMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS
23-4.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL STRENGTH DESIGN
23-4.3.1 Design geotechnical strength
24-4.3.2 Assessment of basic geotechnical strength reduction factor (φgb)
26-4.3.3 Assessment of design ultimate geotechnical strength (Rd,ug)
26-4.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRENGTH
26-4.4.1 Design ultimate geotechnical strength in compression
27-4.4.2 Design ultimate geotechnical strength in uplift
28-4.4.3 Design ultimate geotechnical strength of a pile group in compression or uplift
29-4.4.4 Combined pile and raft foundation
29-4.4.5 Negative friction
29-4.4.6 Soil swelling
30-4.4.7 Design ultimate geotechnical strength for lateral loading
30-4.4.8 Cyclic loading
30-4.4.9 Dynamic loading
31-4.4.10 Earthquake loading
31-4.5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY
31-4.5.1 Design actions
31-4.5.2 Design criteria
31-4.5.3 Deflection limits
31-4.5.4 Geotechnical parameters for serviceability limit states
31-4.6 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SERVICEABILITY
31-4.6.1 Deflection of a pile
31-4.6.2 Combined pile and raft footing
32-4.6.3 Settlement due to negative friction
32-4.6.4 Pile heave due to soil swelling
33-4.6.5 Deflection due to cyclic, impact, dynamic, earthquake, torsional or other loads
34-SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
34-5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
34-5.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STRENGTH DESIGN
34-5.2.1 Design structural strength
34-5.2.2 Design bending moment (Md)
35-5.2.3 Buckling of a pile
35-5.2.4 Pile splice
35-5.3 CONCRETE AND GROUT PILES
35-5.3.1 General
35-5.3.2 Cast in place piles
36-5.3.3 Reinforcement requirement
37-5.3.4 Partially reinforced pile
37-5.3.5 Unreinforced piles
37-5.3.6 Cast in place screw piles
37-5.3.7 Lateral restraint of longitudinal reinforcement and tendons
38-5.4 STEEL PILES
38-5.4.1 General
38-5.4.2 Steel screw piles
38-5.5 COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE PILES
39-5.6 TIMBER PILES
39-5.6.1 General
39-5.6.2 Timber pile splices
39-5.6.3 Connection details
40-SECTION 6 DURABILITY DESIGN
40-6.1 GENERAL
40-6.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DURABILITY DESIGN
40-6.3 ACID SULFATE SOILS
41-6.4 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF CONCRETE PILES
41-6.4.1 General
41-6.4.2 Exposure classification for concrete piles
43-6.4.3 Durability requirements
44-6.5 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF STEEL PILES
44-6.5.1 General
44-6.5.2 Exposure classification for steel piles
46-6.5.3 Corrosion allowance for steel piles
47-6.5.4 Coating protection systems
47-6.5.5 Cathodic protection
47-6.6 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF TIMBER PILES
47-6.6.1 Design life
47-6.6.2 Timber selection and treatment
47-6.6.3 Timber preservation
48-6.6.4 Treatment after cut-off
48-6.6.5 Marine piles
49-SECTION 7 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
49-7.1 GENERAL
49-7.1.1 Concrete
49-7.1.2 Grout
49-7.1.3 Steel
49-7.1.4 Timber
49-7.2 TOLERANCES AND DEFECTS
49-7.2.1 Positional tolerances
49-7.2.2 Cut-off levels
50-7.2.3 Trimming and capping
50-7.2.4 Variation in pile depths
50-7.2.5 Defective piles
50-7.3 DISPLACEMENT PILES-PREFORMED
50-7.3.1 Dimensional tolerances
51-7.3.2 Handling and storage
51-7.3.3 Installation by driving
52-7.3.4 Installation by jacking
53-7.3.5 Installation by screwing
54-7.4 DISPLACEMENT PILES-DRIVEN CAST IN PLACE
54-7.4.1 Dimensional accuracy
54-7.4.2 Liners
54-7.4.3 Construction
55-7.5 DISPLACEMENT PILES-SCREWED CAST IN PLACE
55-7.5.1 General
55-7.5.2 Dimensional accuracy
55-7.5.3 Construction
56-7.5.4 Sampling and testing
56-7.6 NON-DISPLACEMENT PILES
56-7.6.1 Dimensional accuracy
56-7.6.2 Support systems
57-7.6.3 Excavation of the pile shaft
57-7.6.4 Base and shaft preparation
57-7.6.5 Construction
58-7.6.6 Continuous flight auger piles
59-7.7 RECORDS OF DATA
59-7.7.1 Displacement piles
60-7.7.2 Non-displacement piles
62-SECTION 8 TESTING
62-8.1 SCOPE
62-8.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
62-8.2.1 Selection and construction of test piles
62-8.2.2 Effect of changed conditions
62-8.2.3 Performance of the tests
62-8.2.4 Requirement to test
64-8.3 PILE LOAD TESTING
64-8.3.1 Types of pile load testing
64-8.3.2 Information required
65-8.3.3 Test load
66-8.3.4 Acceptance of piles
66-8.3.5 Effects of test set-up
67-8.4 STATIC LOAD TESTING
67-8.4.1 Use of static loading
67-8.4.2 Test procedure
68-8.4.3 Acceptance criteria
69-8.5 HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING
69-8.5.1 General
70-8.5.2 Acceptance criteria
70-8.6 BI-DIRECTIONAL LOAD TESTING
70-8.6.1 General
70-8.6.2 Performance criteria
71-8.7 RAPID LOAD TESTING
71-8.7.1 General
71-8.7.2 Acceptance criteria
71-8.8 INTEGRITY TESTING
71-8.8.1 General
71-8.8.2 Test procedure
72-8.8.3 Acceptance criteria
73-APPENDIX A - STATIC LOAD TEST
73-A1 GENERAL
73-A2 PREPARATION AND APPARATUS
73-A2.1 Preparation for testing
73-A2.2 Reaction system
74-A2.3 Equipment for loading and test measurement
76-A3 LOADING PROGRESS AND RECORDING OF DATA
76-A3.1 General
76-A3.2 Load application
78-A3.3 Recording during the loading stages
78-A3.4 Recording during unloading stages
79-A4 REPORT
80-APPENDIX B - HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING
80-B1 GENERAL
80-B2 PILE PREPARATION
80-B3 HAMMER ENERGY
80-B4 NEGATIVE FRICTION
81-B5 TIME AND PURPOSE OF TESTING
81-B6 APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC TESTING
81-B7 INSTRUMENTATION
81-B8 TEST PROCEDURE
82-B9 REPORT
83-APPENDIX C - RAPID PILE TESTING
83-C1 GENERAL
83-C2 DEFINITIONS
83-C2.1 Rapid force
83-C2.2 Wave speed
83-C2.3 Natural period
83-C3 SAFETY
84-C4 EQUIPMENT
84-C4.1 General
84-C4.2 Equipment using pressure of gases produced by combustion
84-C4.3 Equipment using a drop mass
84-C5 MEASURING SYSTEMS
84-C5.1 Measurement of force
84-C5.2 Measurement of pile movement
85-C5.3 Pile groups
85-C5.4 Measurement of acceleration
85-C6 RECORDING OF RESULTS
85-C7 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
85-C8 REPORT
87-APPENDIX D - INTEGRITY TESTING
87-D1 SCOPE
87-D2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
87-D2.1 Preparation for testing
87-D2.2 Time of testing
87-D2.3 Report
88-D3 PULSE ECHO METHOD
88-D3.1 General
88-D3.2 Site testing
88-D3.3 Signal processing
88-D4 VIBRATION METHOD
88-D4.1 General
88-D4.2 Site testing
88-D4.3 Signal processing
89-D5 IMPULSE RESPONSE METHOD
89-D5.1 General
89-D5.2 Site testing
89-D5.3 Signal processing
89-D6 SONIC LOGGING METHOD
89-D6.1 General
89-D6.2 Site testing
90-D6.3 Signal processing
90-D7 ALTERNATIVE TEST METHODS
91-APPENDIX E - LIMIT STATES-SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS
92-BIBLIOGRAPHY