AS 2885.1-1997

1-AS 2885.1-1997 PIPELINES-GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
4-PREFACE
5-CONTENTS
7-SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
7-1.0 BASIS OF AS 2885 SERIES OF STANDARDS
7-1.1 SCOPE
8-1.2 EXCLUSIONS
8-1.3 RETROSPECTIVE APPLICATION
8-1.4 DEPARTURES FROM THIS STANDARD
8-1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
8-1.6 INTERPRETATIONS
8-1.7 CONVERSION TO SI UNITS
9-1.8 ROUNDING OF NUMBERS
9-1.9 NOTATION
9-1.10 DEFINITIONS
9-1.10.1 Accessory
9-1.10.2 Actual yield stress (AYS)
9-1.10.3 Approved and approval
9-1.10.4 Buckle
9-1.10.5 Casing
9-1.10.6 Collapse
9-1.10.7 Component
9-1.10.8 Construction
9-1.10.9 Control piping
9-1.10.10 Defect
9-1.10.11 Dent
9-1.10.12 Diameter
9-1.10.13 Fitting
9-1.10.14 Fluid
10-1.10.15 Gas
10-1.10.16 Heat
10-1.10.17 High vapour pressure liquid (HVPL)
10-1.10.18 Hoop stress
10-1.10.19 Hot tap
10-1.10.20 Imperfection
10-1.10.21 Inert gas
10-1.10.22 Inspector
10-1.10.23 Leak test
10-1.10.24 Location class
10-1.10.25 Mainline pipework
10-1.10.26 Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP)
10-1.10.27 May
10-1.10.28 Mechanical interference-fit joint
10-1.10.29 Not applicable
10-1.10.30 Operating authority
10-1.10.31 Petroleum
10-1.10.32 Pig
10-1.10.33 Pig trap (scraper trap)
10-1.10.34 Piping
10-1.10.35 Pre-tested
10-1.10.36 Pressure strength
11-1.10.37 Proprietary item
11-1.10.38 Protection measures-Procedural
11-1.10.39 Protection measures-Physical
11-1.10.40 Regulatory authority
11-1.10.41 Riser
11-1.10.42 Shall
11-1.10.43 Should
11-1.10.44 Sour service
11-1.10.45 Specified minimum yield stress (SMYS)
11-1.10.46 Station pipework
11-1.10.47 Strength test
11-1.10.48 Telescoped pipeline
11-1.10.49 Wall thickness, nominal
11-1.10.50 Nominated Standard
12-SECTION 2 SAFETY
12-2.1 BASIS OF SECTION
12-2.2 GENERAL
12-2.2.1 Risk assessment methodology
12-2.2.2 Approval
12-2.2.3 Implementation
12-2.3 RISK IDENTIFICATION
12-2.3.1 Location analysis
13-2.3.2 Threat analysis
13-2.3.3 External interference protection design
13-2.3.4 Failure analysis
13-2.3.5 Determination of hazardous events
13-2.4 RISK EVALUATION
13-2.4.1 General
13-2.4.2 Frequency analysis
14-2.4.3 Consequence analysis
14-2.4.4 Risk ranking
15-2.5 MANAGEMENT OF RISKS
15-2.5.1 General
15-2.5.2 Design stage
16-2.5.3 Operating pipelines
16-2.6 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
16-2.7 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
16-2.8 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
18-SECTION 3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
18-3.0 BASIS OF SECTION
18-3.1 QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
18-3.1.1 General
18-3.1.2 Materials and components complying with nominated Standards
18-3.1.3 Materials and components complying with Standards not nominated in this Standard
19-3.1.4 Components, other than pipe, for which no Standards exist
19-3.1.5 Reclaimed pipe
19-3.1.6 Reclaimed accessories, valves and fittings
19-3.1.7 Material and components not fully identified
19-3.1.8 Identification of components
20-3.1.9 Unidentified materials and components
20-3.1.10 Hydrostatic test
20-3.2 PRESSURE-CONTAINING COMPONENTS
20-3.3 CARBON EQUIVALENT
20-3.4 YIELD STRESS
20-3.5 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
20-3.6 HEATED OR HOT-WORKED ITEMS
21-3.7 RECORDS
22-SECTION 4 PIPELINE DESIGN
22-4.1 BASIS OF SECTION
23-4.2 PIPELINE GENERAL
23-4.2.1 Design criteria
25-4.2.2 Design life
25-4.2.3 Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP)
25-4.2.4 Route
27-4.2.5 External interference protection
32-4.2.6 Control and management of the pipeline system
35-4.3 PIPELINE DESIGN
35-4.3.1 General
36-4.3.2 Design pressure
36-4.3.3 Design temperatures
36-4.3.4 Wall thickness
37-4.3.5 Control, instrument and sampling piping
38-4.3.6 Stress and strain
41-4.3.7 Fracture control
47-4.3.8 Special construction
48-4.3.9 Pipeline assemblies
50-4.3.10 Jointing
50-4.3.11 Supports and anchors
51-4.4 STATIONS
51-4.4.1 General
51-4.4.2 Design
54-4.4.3 Safety
55-4.4.4 Station pipework
55-4.4.5 Station equipment
56-4.4.6 Structures
57-4.4.7 Corrosion protection
57-4.4.8 Electrical installations
57-4.4.9 Drainage
59-SECTION 5 MITIGATION OF CORROSION
59-5.1 BASIS OF SECTION
59-5.2 PERSONNEL
59-5.3 RATE OF DEGRADATION
59-5.3.1 Assessment
59-5.3.2 Internal corrosion
59-5.3.3 External corrosion
59-5.3.4 Environment-related cracking
60-5.4 CORROSION MITIGATION
60-5.4.1 General
60-5.4.2 Corrosion mitigation methods
60-5.4.3 Corrosion allowance
60-5.5 CORROSION MONITORING
61-5.6 INTERNAL CORROSION MITIGRATION METHODS
61-5.6.1 General
61-5.6.2 Internal lining
61-5.6.3 Corrosion inhibitors and biocides
61-5.7 EXTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS
61-5.7.1 General
61-5.7.2 Coating
62-5.7.3 Cathodic protection
62-5.7.4 Protection criteria
62-5.7.5 Design considerations
63-5.7.6 Measurement of potential
64-5.7.7 Electrical earthing
64-5.8 EXTERNAL ANTI-CORROSION COATING
64-5.8.1 Coating system
64-5.8.2 Coating selection
64-5.8.3 Coating application
64-5.8.4 Joint and coating repair
65-5.9 INTERNAL LINING
65-5.9.1 Pipeline lining
65-5.9.2 Joint and repair lining
66-SECTION 6 CONSTRUCTION
66-6.1 BASIS OF SECTION
66-6.2 SURVEY
66-6.3 HANDLING OF COMPONENTS
66-6.3.1 General
66-6.3.2 Pipe transport
66-6.3.3 Construction loads
66-6.4 INSPECTION OF PIPE AND COMPONENTS
66-6.4.1 General
67-6.4.2 Ovality
67-6.4.3 Buckles
67-6.4.4 Dents
67-6.4.5 Gouges, grooves and notches
67-6.4.6 Repair of defects
67-6.4.7 Laminations and notches
67-6.5 CHANGES IN DIRECTION
67-6.5.1 Accepted methods for changes in direction
67-6.5.2 Internal access
68-6.5.3 Changing direction at a butt-weld
68-6.5.4 Use of heat
68-6.5.5 Bend fabricated from a forged bend or an elbow
68-6.5.6 Roped bends
68-6.6 COLD-FIELD BENDS
68-6.6.1 General
68-6.6.2 Qualification of cold-field bending procedure
68-6.6.3 Acceptance limits for field bends
69-6.7 FLANGED JOINTS
69-6.8 COVERING SLABS, BOX CULVERTS, CASINGS AND TUNNELS
70-6.9 SYSTEM CONTROLS
70-6.10 ATTACHMENT OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
70-6.10.1 General
70-6.10.2 Aluminothermic welding with qualification
71-6.11 LOCATION
71-6.11.1 Position
71-6.11.2 Clearances
71-6.12 CLEARING AND GRADING
71-6.13 TRENCH CONSTRUCTION
71-6.13.1 Safety
71-6.13.2 Separation of topsoil
71-6.13.3 Dimensions of trenches
71-6.13.4 Bottoms of trenches
71-6.13.5 Scour
72-6.14 INSTALLATION OF A PIPE IN A TRENCH
72-6.15 PLOUGHING-IN AND DIRECTIONALLY DRILLED PIPELINES
72-6.16 REINSTATEMENT
72-6.17 CLEANING AND GAUGING PIPELINES
72-6.18 RECORDS
74-SECTION 7 INSPECTIONS AND TESTING
74-7.1 GENERAL
74-7.2 INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN AND PROCEDURES
74-7.3 PERSONNEL
74-7.4 PRESSURE TESTING
74-7.4.1 Application
74-7.4.2 Exemptions from a field pressure test
74-7.4.3 Test procedure
74-7.4.4 Minimum test pressures
75-7.4.5 Testing with a gas
76-7.4.6 Pressure testing loads
76-7.4.7 Acceptance criteria
76-7.5 COMMENCEMENT OF PATROLLING
76-7.6 RECORDS
77-APPENDIX A - REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
77-A1 IDENTIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS
77-A2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
81-APPENDIX B - ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ON PIPELINES AND INTERACTION WITH CATHODIC PROTECTION (CP)
81-B1 INTRODUCTION
81-B2 CATEGORIES
81-B3 HAZARD MECHANISMS
81-B4 LOW FREQUENCY INDUCTION (LFI)
83-B5 A.C. ELECTRIFIED RAILWAY OR SINGLE WIRE EARTH RETURN (SWER) LINES
83-B6 EARTH POTENTIAL RISE (ERP)
85-B7 CAPACITIVE COUPLING
85-B8 INTERACTION OF ELECTRICAL PROTECTION WITH CP
85-B9 FARADAY CAGES
85-B10 OTHER HAZARDS
86-B11 CONCLUSION
87-APPENDIX C - PREFERRED METHOD FOR TENSILE TESTING OF WELDED LINE PIPE DURING MANUFACTURE
87-C1 APPLICABILITY
87-C2 METHOD FOR DETERMINING TENSILE PROPERTIES
87-C3 CRITERIA OF ACCEPTANCE
88-APPENDIX D - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TEST METHODS
88-D1 SCOPE
88-D2 SAMPLING
88-D3 FRACTURE APPEARANCE TESTING FOR CONTROL OF BRITTLE FRACTURE
88-D3.1 General
88-D3.2 Test specimens
88-D3.3 Test temperature
88-D3.4 Criteria of acceptance
88-D4 ENERGY ABSORPTION TESTING FOR CONTROL OF LOW ENERGY TEARING DUCTILE FRACTURE
88-D4.1 General
88-D4.2 Test specimens
89-D4.3 Test temperature
89-D4.4 Criteria of acceptance
90-APPENDIX E - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PROTECTION
90-E1 INTRODUCTION
90-E2 DEFINITION OF DESIGN EVENTS
91-E3 PROTECTION DESIGN
92-E4 PENETRATION RESISTANCE
93-APPENDIX F - FRACTURE CONTROL PLAN FOR STEEL PIPELINES
93-F1 SCOPE
93-F2 FACTORS AFFECTING BRITTLE AND TEARING (DUCTILE) FRACTURE
93-F2.1 General
93-F2.2 Exclusions
93-F2.3 Fluid parameters
94-F2.4 Operating parameters
95-F2.5 Calculation of Charpy energy requirements for the arrest of ductile tearing fracture
97-APPENDIX G - FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION
97-GI GENERAL
97-G2 INTERNAL CORROSION
97-G3 EXTERNAL CORROSION
98-G4 ENVIRONMENT RELATED CRACKING
99-APPENDIX H - ENVIRONMENT RELATED CRACKING
99-H1 GENERAL
99-H2 HIGH pH (CLASSICAL) STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
99-H2.1 Description
99-H2.2 Conditions
100-H3 LOW pH (NEAR NEUTRAL) STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
100-H3.1 Description
100-H3.2 Conditions
100-H4 HYDROGEN SULFIDE CRACKING
100-H4.1 General
100-H4.2 HIC
101-H4.3 SSC
101-H4.4 Mitigation
101-H5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO MITIGATE STRESS- CORROSION CRACKING
101-H5.1 General
101-H5.2 Stress
102-H5.3 Cyclic variation of stress
102-H5.4 Pipeline anti-corrosion coating
102-H5.5 Surface condition
102-H5.6 Cathodic protection system
102-H5.7 Pipe wall temperature
103-APPENDIX I - INFORMATION FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION
104-APPENDIX J - PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION FOR COLD FIELD BENDS
104-J1 INTRODUCTION
104-J2 BASIS OF REQUIREMENTS FOR COLD FIELD BENDS
105-J3 OBJECTIVES
105-J4 SUGGESTED METHOD
108-INDEX